sharply decreasing temperatures, and we consider that many birds probably left Brtain and Ireland altogether.However, both species remained relatively abundant along the south coast of England at this time. In the cold weather of 1981/82, the overall abundance of both species declined rapidly in early December, a period of. This paper analyses the distribution of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria in Britain and Ireland during the 1981/82, 1982//84 winters, using data from The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland and the Birds of Estuaries Enquiry. It has been suggested in a somewhat vague way, amongst Comment : This would seem to indicate that the attack on Scattery in 816 AD came direct from the Bergin Area of Norway. The main thrust of the ninth-century Viking attack on Ireland (c.825 to c.850) was mounted from Scotland, Laithlinn was the name of Viking Scotland, and the dynasty that imposed itself on Dublin, and that later dominated York and threatened to dominate England, originated in Viking Scotland. This involved raids on Ireland directly from south-western Norway and, very likely, some from settlements in Scotland in the later part of that period. The occupation of this part of Scotland corresponds chronologically to what I call the prelude to the Viking wars in Ireland (from c.795 to c.825). A substantial part of Scotland-the Northern and Western Isles and large areas of the coastal mainland from Caithness and Sutherland to Argyle- was conquered by the Vikings 2 in the first quarter of the ninth century and a Viking kingdom was set up there earlier than the middle of the century.
In this lecture, 1 I propose to reconsider the Viking attack on Scotland and Ireland and I argue that the most plausible and economical interpretation of the historical record is as follows. When expelled from Dublin in 902 it returned to Scotland and from there it conquered York and re-founded the kingdom of Dublin in 917.
In the second half of the century it made Dublin its headquarters, engaged in warfare with Irish kings, controlled most Viking activity in Ireland, and imposed its overlordship and its tribute on Pictland and Strathclyde. By the mid-century it was ruled by an effective royal dynasty that. Viking Scotland, known as Lothlend, Laithlinn, Lochlainn and comprising the Northern and Western Isles and parts of the mainland, especially Caithness, Sutherland and Inverness, was settled by Norwegian Vikings in the early ninth century. This study attempts to provide a new framework for ninth-century Irish and Scottish history. Three possible sites for a viking longphuirt along the Ribble will be proposed and evaluated.
The period covered will be roughly 902 to 919. The historical background and context for Scandinavian activity and settlement in south-west Lancashire will also be discussed so too will be related events in Ireland and Northumbria. Based on an examination of geography and longphort site-types, the objective of this article is to see if we can suggest the most likely sites for such longphuirt on the Ribble estuary. Not one ship-base has ever been found in north-west England, unlike in Ireland or even in other parts of England. longphort) in Ireland? There is little doubt that such bases existed before some of these Irish exiles stopped being a raiding force and started to settle down. But where did these Irish Northmen establish their initial winter camps and their first ship-bases, what were called longphuirt (sing. Some, but very likely not all, of these Scandinavians had come from Dublin after they were temporarily expelled by the Irish in 902. South-west and northern Lancashire also witnessed Scandinavian immigration. Parts of north-west England were settled by groups of Scandinavians in the tenth century, certainly Cumbria and the Wirral.
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